FEATURES OF SELECTED BONES  ©David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D., Professor of Biology and Chemistry University of Cincinnati Clermont College, Batavia OH 45103
top view of atlas resting on axis (C1 on top of C2)	This page has been accessed  times since 9 November 2001.  15 Sept 1993, rvsd 4 Nov 1994, 12 Sept 95, 23 Sept 96, 3 Dec 96, 4 Nov 99, 2 Nov 00, 1 Nov 01	posterior view of  right scapula

Illustrate these disarticulated bones and include the listed features with labels (handle with care and respect please, they are real & fragile). Enter in your book on pages in this order: First set of pages , second set of pages .
 

1. VERTEBRA (on facing pages: two pictures on each page, same scale, superior views for all)

Three classes:
a: cervical : most delicate of the vertebrae (Martini's 5^h: p 215-218)
Unique cervical features: transverse foramina, bifurcated spinous process
b: thoracic : label features common to all vertebrae:
centrum, neural arch, vertebral foramen, pedicle, spinous process, lamina, superior articular processes, transverse process, Draw small side view of a thoracic vertebra showing the demifacets and the vertebral notches which form intervertebral foramina for spinal nerves.
Unique thoracic features:demifacets for articulation with rib head, seen from side (except for 11th and 12th.), articular facets on transverse processes (for rib tubercle) and long delicate spinous processes
c: lumbar : heavy centra, broad heavy spinous process, transverse process lacks facets
d. Articulated C-1 and C-2 : ( top rear view of the articulated bones) (one picture)
atlas: no centrum, articular surface for odontoid process, no spinous process
axis: odontoid process (dens) (Martini's 5^th: p 215)

2 Sacrum (posterior view): dorsal sacral foramina, superior articular facet, auricular surface (on sides, for os coxa), (ala), median sacral crest, sacral canal, sacral hiatus.

3. Scapula : (posterior view): acromion process, coracoid process, spine of the scapula, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, glenoid fossa, vertebral border, axillary border

4. Bones of the arm: (two pages: two views of humerus on first, ulna and radius on facing page)
a: humerus: (anterior and posterior views): head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, trochlea, coronoid fossa, capitulum, olecranon fossa
b: ulna : (lateral view) olecranon process, trochlear notch (semilunar notch), coronoid process, head, styloid process, radial notch
c:radius : head, neck, radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch

5. Articulated bones of the wrist and hand , ventral view (trace around your hand as a model):
include distal ulna and radius
proximal row of carpals: scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform
distal row of carpals: trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate
first through fifth metacarpals, proximal, middle and distal phalanges.

6. Os coxa, lateral view with acetabulum and obturator foramen:  (Note differences between male and female .)
a: ilium: iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch
b: pubic bone: pubic tubercle, inferior ramus
c: ischium: ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, ischial ramus

7. Articulated bones of the ankle to metatarsals , top view:
talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid, first through fifth metatarsals

Here is the directory list of all pictures of the skeleton, many not included in links above.