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HIGHLIGHTS OF THE
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the universe |
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the universe, Copernicus |
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HIGHLIGHTS OF THE
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the universe |
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the universe, Copernicus |
9/25/87,
rvsd 23 Sept 1994, 24 Sept 99, 26 Sept 03, 28Sept05, 25 Sept 09
EARLY IDEAS OF EVOLUTION
| GREEKS | Greeks proposed that the earth was center of the universe. (Geocentric model of universe) |
| Socrates(~469-399BC) | sought rational explanation of universe, power of logic. “Corrupted the youth...” Put to death. |
| Plato:(427-347 BC) | perfect form, Republic |
| Aristotle, (384-322 BC) | "Father of Biology", 4 elements, qualities, Scala Naturae, God at top of ladder. species permanent, fixed, unchanging. Geocentric model of the universe. Alexander the Great was his pupil. |
| Galen, (130-200 AD) | Greek, founder of experimental physiology, performed dissections apes himself (not by slaves as was the custom) (He dissected apes, and here a pig.) Noted heart anatomy, hand function, no air in veins, "God makes naught in vain": His purpose could be deduced from structure. Defined bodily fluids, adjust elements to cure sickness, assigned personalities to humors. |
| Role of Catholic Church | Church
embraced Aristotelian view of universe, protected,
Dogma: taught Aristotelean corpus as truth |
| ASTRONOMY | (Heliocentric model) SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION |
| Nicholas Copernicus (died 1543) | De Revolutionibus proposed that the sun was the center of the solar system (heliocentric model: earth rotates on axis, orbits around sun as other planets, explained retrograde motion of planets: show video of retrograde motion) |
| Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | developed laws of planetary motion. |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | first
saw mountains
on
moon, moons
of
Jupiter moving around from his notebook.
Had to retract for his life, house arrest. (Video of his life.) |
| TAXONOMY | |
| Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) | Swede, botanist, systematized according to flower structure, believed species fixed. Developed system of taxonomy, assigned binomial scientific names: Genera, species. Systema Naturae and Genera Plantarum. |
| GEOLOGY | Studied age of earth, processes, extinct animals |
| Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon(1707-1788) | French aristocrat (wealthy at 25 yrs), popularized Natural History, first to suggest that changes occurred over time through degeneration |
| James Hutton (1726-1797) | geologist suggested in 1795 that the processes which shaped the earth are same today as in ancient times, very slow to act (gradualism). He, with Lyell concluded that it took longer than the 6,000 yrs as chronicled in the Bible, and that change is the normal course of events. |
| William 'Strata' Smith (1769-1839) | English surveyor, father of engineering geology. Surveying for canal, noted strata above coal was tilted (support Hutton), but regularity of strata. Could identify strata by particular fossils (1816). Established principle of index fossils. (Made apparent present surface was formed layer by layer over a long period of time.) He constructed a famous map of the fossil deposits in England. (Show local Clermont fossils, Ordovician Period.) He proposed the The Principle of Faunal Succession: Strata on top showed differend fauna, generally more advanced. |
| George Cuvier (1769-1832) | French anatomist, founder of paleontology (paleo- old, ancient, onto-: existing things), studied fossil remains, noted the deeper fossils were more dissimilar to present ones. first to put together mastodon (Mammoths have single set of tusks, mastodons have second set of tusks in lower jaw). He opposed the idea of evolution, but suggested change in species was one of elimination: catastrophism. It is now deduced that less than 1% of species still existed. |
| Charles Lyell (1797-1875) | Principles of Geology: uniformitarianism: as Hutton: geological processes are same today as in the past, at the same slow rate. The Grand Canyon, for instance was forme by same processes seen today. |
| EARLY IDEAS OF EVOLUTION | |
| Jean Baptists Lamarck (1744-1829) | Naturalist.
Studied living and fossil invertebrata named Crustaceae, Arachnidae,
annelida. Said heat and electricity caused orgasme in gelatinous bodies. Proposed role of environment in the shaping of species. In 1801, Progression of the Species: 1) Universal creative principle: striving by individuals altered their composition Each organism yearns to progress to higher evolutionary level. 2) Inheritance of acquired traits: Organisms acquire characteristics from 1iving in a given environment and pass these on to the next generation |
| Rev. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) | Economist, wrote Essay on the Principles of Population. (l798) Noted that population would increase until limited by food supply. |
