MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, TRUNKAND ARMS ©David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D. Professor of Biology and Chemistry University of Cincinnati Clermont College, Batavia OH 45103
deltoid (clavobrachialis in the cat)	This page has been accessed  times since 25 November 2002.  4 November 1987, rvsd 15Sept93, 12Sept95, 16Nov95, 23Sept96, 21Nov96, 19Sept99, 19Sept00	trapezius

We will be studying head and trunk muscles of the cat, most of which are analogous to those in the human. Working with a skinned cat ( see previous protocol ) remove cutaneous muscle layer (allows cat to twitch its skin) and a white layer of superficial fascia to better see muscle fiber directions and make the muscles more apparent. Carefully outline, separate and lift the muscles by use of a blunt probe. If the structure in question has multiple fibers in it, it is muscle. Look for intersections between fiber directions, this often indicates two muscles. Fingers are the best blunt probes...

When you need to cut separated superficial muscles to see deep muscles, the superficial muscle to be reflected should be snipped midway between insertion and origin, and laid back to its origin and insertion, noting where they are located. Make four illustrations:  
 
    1) ventral thorax, upper appendage and abdomen, superficial
    2) Ventral thorax and upper appendage, deep

    3)  Dorsal (back) deep and dorsal superficial
    4)  Second illustration of the deep dorsal muscles.

 
 I. VENTRAL NECK, CHEST AND ABDOMEN:

	(See Gilbert, p. 18)
	Undissected chest.  Remove as much adipose tissue and fascia as you can so that the fibers of the muscles can be seen. Can you find the pectoantebracialis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and triceps brachii?  Here is the same image with the chest muscles labeled.
pectoantebrachilis: "deltoid:"	The pectoantebrachialis has been separated from the underlying pectoralis major, and is being lifted in the image.  Origin: manubrium, insertion: proximal fascia of forearm.         The deltoid (called clavobrachialis in the cat) has been freed from unterlying tissues.  Origin: clavicle.  Insertion: lateral humerus.

		Lift deltoid and pectoantebrachialis as a unit and cut and reflect.
	pectoralis major and pectoralis minor	pectoralis major:  Origin: upper sternum.  Insertion: proximal 2/3 of humerus between the biceps and brachialis pectoralis minor: Origin:  lower sternum.  Insertion: proximal 1/2 of humerus in the cat. (Gilbert, p. 24)  (Human insertion: coracoid process)
	pectoralis minor	The pectoralis major has been pushed aside and pectoralis minor is being lifted by the probe.  In humans, pectoralis originates from ribs and inserts in the coracoid process of scapula.
	epitrochlearis       biceps brachii         triceps brachii	The superficial-most muscle of the anterior surface of the arm is the epitrochlearis.  It has no homolog in humans.  It must be cut and reflected to see the underlying triceps brachii and biceps brachii.     biceps brachii Origin:  1) long head: superior border of glenoid fossa.  2) humerus Insertion: radial tuberosity     triceps brachii: Origin: 1) axillary border of scapula below glenoid fossa, 2) & 3) humerus Insertion: olecranon process Here is a labeled view of the ventral surface of the upper appendage.
	retinaculum	transverse carpal ligament on cat, holds down tendons of insertion

2. Separate pectoralis major from pectoralis minor, cut both, reflect to see: (Gilbert p. 24)
 

	subscapularis	With the pectoralis major and minor cut and reflected, the scapula will fall away from the chest to reveal the subscapularis on its underside. subscapularis Origin: subscapular fossa.  Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus. Here is a labeled version of the deep muscles of the chest and scapula.
	teres major	closest to axillary border of scapula teres major Origin: axillary border of scapula Insertion: proximal humerus (same as latissimus dorsi)
	serratus anterior	(serratus ventralis in the cat) serratus anterior Origin:  first nine or ten ribs Insertion:  vertebral border of scapula

3. Identify the external muscles of the abdomen (p. 24)
 
 

	external oblique	superficial most muscle of the abdomenal wall
	rectus abdominis	anterior most muscle of abdomen

II. BACK: (p. 22) Caution: the trapezius is very thin and easily torn when outlining it with the probe. Remove cutaneous muscle layer, note the boundary between trapezoid and the latissimus dorsi which plunges below it.

1. Lift trapezius from underlying latissimus dorsi.
 

	trapezius	called acromio- and spinotrapezius in the cat
	latissimus dorsi	fr. spine of lower back to medial humerus

2. Cut and reflect trapezius to see muscles related to or on the scapula: (p. 25). Here is a labeled view of the deep muscles of the back and scapula.

	infraspinatus	muscle of the glenohumoral joint, lies below spine of scapula
	supraspinatus	muscle of the glenohumoral joint,  lies above spine of scapula
	teres major	muscle of the glenohumoral joint, inserts ant. surf. humerus
	teres minor	muscle of the glenohumoral joint, inserts post. surf. humerus
	levator scapulae	superior to rhomboideus muscles
	rhomboideus & r. capitis	from spine and skull to vertebral border of scapula
	splenius capitis (to the left and below the tip of the probe)	Seen below the rhomboideus muscles. The "bandage" muscle in the posterior neck. Origin: upper thoracic spinous processes. Insertion: mastoid process. process Here again is a labeled view of the deep muscles of the back and scapula.

Brachial plexus: To be studied Winter Quarter:

deltoid and cutting the latissimus dorsi so that it can be reflected:

Cutting the pectoralis. The trapezius has been cut and reflected to show the scapula and rhomboideuses

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