David B. Fankhauser, PhD
2 April 2004
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The page numbers refer to Roger Tory Peterson's, Field Guide to Wildflowers, Houghton-Mifflin (1968)
The page numbers refer to Roger Tory Peterson's, Field Guide to Wildflowers, Houghton-Mifflin (1968)
| FAMILY | TRAITS | EARLY EXAMPLES
(Number is page in Peterson's) |
| Portulacaceae
(Purslane) xviii |
2 sepals, usually 5 petals | Spring-beauty 32 |
| Ranunculaceae (Buttercup)
xviii |
Numerous stamen and pistils form bushy cluster in center of flower | Marsh-marigold
130
Kidneyleaf Buttercup 132 |
| Papaveraceae
(Poppy) xix |
Milky, acrid juice, petals in 4s of multiples of 4. | Bloodroot 22 |
4/1/94,
3/31/95, 4/4/97, 31 Mar 00, 3 April 2000, 30 Mar 01
Campbell:
567-, 673, 687, 730-740
Seeds in vessel, appeared 120 mil yr ago
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS OF FLOWERS
rvsd
31 March 2000, 4 April 03
TRAITPRIMITIVE ADVANCED
1. number of flower parts many, indefinite parts few parts, fixed numbers
2. relation of parts separate fused
3. symmetry of parts radial bilateral
4.
location of ovary superior inferior
| Family | traits | examples | Peterson's
page |
|
| Liliaceae
(Lily) xvi |
Parallel leaves, flower parts in 3s or 6s, long pistil, 3 lobed stigma | lily,
onion
Sessile Trillium 240 White Trout-lily 10 |
xvi | |
| Cruciferae
(Mustard) xix |
4 petals form a cross, 6 stamen, 2 shorter | cabbage,
mustard
Spring Cress 84 Cut-leafed Toothwort 84 Pennsylvania Bitter Cress 84 |
xix | |
| Rosaceae
(Rose) xx |
5 rounded petals, 5 sepals, indefinite number of stamen | berries, Apple , cherry | xx | |
| Legume | 5petals:
2 lower form a "keel" 2 wings, 1 upper banner |
beans
peas redbud |
xx | |
| Violaceae
(Violet) xxii |
5 petals, lowest often wider & veined, extends back as spur | pansy,
Common Violet 318 |
xxii | |
| Umbelliferae
(Parsley) xxiii |
Numerous small, 5-petaled flowers arranged in an umbel, parsley-like foliage | carrot,
Pepper and Salt 52 Queen Anne's Lace 48 poison hemlock |
xxiii | |
| Labiatae
(Mint) xxv |
Square stemmed, leaves opposite, corolla with 2 flaring lips, upper 2 lobed, lower 3 lobed | Purple
Dead-nettle 280
Ground-ivy 348 |
xxv | |
| Solanaceae | 5s, stamen and pistil united to form beak. berry w/ many seeds | Tomato, egg plant, potato | xxv | |
| Compositae
(Daisy) xxviii |
Cluster of small florets form a disc, often with sterile ray florets around perimeter | lgest
family, daisy
zinnia, Dandelion 110 Coltsfoot 110 |
xxviii |
In
comparison of Monocots and dicots in Campbell's 6th:
Summary table 721
Seed Structure 792
Seed Germination 794
Stem
structure 733
| page 721 in Campbell's 6th | MONOCOTS | DICOTS: |
| example: | corn | bean |
| seed leaves (792, 793 & 794) | one | two |
| vascular tissue distribution (733) | complex distribution | arranged in ring |
| leaf structure (721) | veins usually parallel | veins reticular |
| root structure | fibrous or diffuse | tap root |
| flower parts | multiples of three | parts in 4s or 5s |
PARTS
(all originated as leaves which became specialized): (see p 731, 732)
SEPALS covering
CALYX
cup, covering, husk
PETALS flower leaf
COROLLA
little crown
STAMEN originated as leaf parts too standing upright
ANTHER flower
FILAMENT
hair
CARPEL is a folded leaf fruit
STIGMA spot, mark, point
STYLE pillar, stalk
OVARY egg, place for
OVULE
egg, little
3
April 2000
Pollination:
| wind | no color, no odor, much pollen | ragweed |
| bee | yellow, never red, nectary guide (often UV) | mints, dandelion |
| butterfly | sweet smell, tubular corolla, | thistle, |
| flies | smell of rotting flesh | carrion weed |
| beetles | inferior ovaries, not damaged by chewing | Rose |
| moths | white flowers, open at dusk, very fragrant | white campion, 4 o'clocks |
| bats | copious amount of nectar, night blooming, smellfruit-like or fermenting | Phlox (?) |
| Hummingbirds | red, tubular corolla, high sugar, little odor | Trumpet Vine |
(Ward's Bulletin, Summer 1986)
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