BACTERIAL TAXONOMY

23 July 2003, 28 July 2004, 25 July07

TFC 7^th: 276-302, 7^th: 276-298, Black, 6^th: 232-244, Bauman 2^nd: 315-342

Morphology, p 316 (already covered)

Arrangement, p 319: diplo, strepto-, tetrad, sarcina, staphylo-, palisade

Spore formers: central or terminally located p 320

Remind Linneaus system of seven levels (KPCOFGs) (p 234)

Means of classification

Three domains: (table on p 321)

	Archaea	Bacteria	Eukaryotes
cell type	prokaryote	prokaryote	eukaryote
cell wall	varied, no peptidoglycan	peptidoglycan	varied, with CH2O
membrane lipids	branched	straight chain	straight chain
start to translation	methionine	formylmethionine	methionine
sens to Ab:	no	yes	no
common arm on tRNA	lacking	present	present
examples	methanogens extreme halophiles hyperthermophiles	Gm + Gm- cyanobacteria	plants fungi animals

TAXONOMY OF PROKARYOTES

25 July 2007

Bauman 2^nd: pp320-339

See diagram of prokaryotes, p 321

ARCHEA:

probably the earliest group, includes

extremophiles thermophiles >45 C, source of Taq DNA polymerase (PCR) P 322

Halophiles 17-23% NaCl (P 323)

Methanogens make methane in intestinal gas, hydrothermal vents, sewage

BACTERIA:

phototrophic cyanobacteria blue green algae

Proteobacteria purple sulfur bacteria

Gram positive, low GC bacteria (below 50% GC)

Clostridia

Mycoplasma

Gram positive bacilli and cocci

Bacillus

Listeria

Lactobacillus

Streptococcus & Enterococcus

Staphylococcus

Gram positive high GC bacteria (greater than 50% GC)

Corynebacterium palisades and V shapes

Mycobacterium mycolic acid (a wax)

Actinomycetes especially in soil

PROTEOBACTERIA (table p 334)

Gram negative proteobacteria

nitrogen Fixers

alpha proteobacteria can grow on low nutrient levels, possess prosthecae

Richettsia

Brucella

Acetobacter

beta proteobacteria can grow on low nutrient levels, have different RNA sequences

Neisseria

Bordetella

Spirillum

gamma proteobacteria

Legionella

Pseudomonas

Glycolytic facultative anaerobes (table p 336)

Escherichia

Serratia

Salmonella

Proteus

Shigella

Yersina

Klebsiella

Vibrio

Haemophilus

episilon proteobacteria

Campylobacter

Helicobacter

“Other” gram negative bacteria

Chlamydia

Spirochete

Bacteroids

Cell wall structure Gm+ versus Gm -

base composition especially proportion of GC: high or low, DNA fingerprinting (p 294)

Means of identification

Morphology cocci, bacilli, spirilli

biochemistry ability to grow on various C sources, produce various products

Serology presence of characteristic antigens on cell surface (p 291)

Phage typing ability of phage to grow on bacteria (also related to surface proteins) (p 293)

PCR detect specific DNA sequences characteristic of species